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| format = Press Release| access-date = 2013-04-20| date = 2011-08-04| url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110803174757.htm}}</ref> (the navel does not produce any secretions or oils)<ref>{{cite news|last=Nierenberg|first=Cari|title=New meaning to 'navel-gazing': Scientists study belly button bacteria|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/new-meaning-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria-1C6437445?franchiseSlug=healthmain|access-date=2013-09-29|date=2011-04-14}}</ref> and because it is an almost undisturbed community of bacteria<ref name="Hulcr">{{cite journal|last=Hulcr|first=Jirir |author2=Andrew M. Latimer |author3=Jessica B. Henley |author4=Nina R. Rountree |author5=Noah Fierer |author6=Andrea Lucky |author7=Margaret D. Lowman |author8=Robert R. Dunn|title=A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse, but Predictable|journal=PLOS ONE|date=7 November 2012|pmc=3492386|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712|pmid=23144827|volume=7|issue=11|pages=e47712|bibcode=2012PLoSO...747712H |doi-access=free }}</ref> it is an excellent part of the skin microbiome to study.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wild Life of Your Body|url=http://www.yourwildlife.org/projects/belly-button-biodiversity/|access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> The navel, or umbilicus is a moist microbiome of the body<ref name="Kong">{{cite journal|last=Kong|first=Hiedi|title=Skin microbiome: genomics-based insights into the diversity and role of skin microbes|journal=Trends Mol. Med.|date=June 17, 2011|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.013|pmc=3115422|pmid=21376666|volume=17|issue=6|pages=320–8}}</ref> (with high humidity and temperatures),<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal|last=Grice|first=Elizabeth|author2=Julia Segre |title=The Skin Microbiome|journal=Nat Rev Microbiol|date=9 April 2011|doi=10.1038/nrmicro2537|pmc=3535073|pmid=21407241|volume=9|issue=4|pages=244–53}}</ref> that contains a large amount of bacteria,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaplan|first=Karen|title=Study shows you're covered in bacteria - live with it.|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-200941418.html?key=01-42160D517E1A14691A0E031B07664B36254D35463B78700E730E0B60641A617F1371193F|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111044351/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-200941418.html?key=01-42160D517E1A14691A0E031B07664B36254D35463B78700E730E0B60641A617F1371193F|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013|access-date=29 September 2013|newspaper=The Star|date=1 June 2009}}</ref> especially bacteria that favors moist conditions such as ''Corynebacterium''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grice|first=Elizabeth|author2=Heidi H. Kong |author3=Sean Conlan |author4=Clayton B. Deming |author5=Joie Davis |author6=Alice C. Young |author7=Gerard G. Bouffard |author8=Robert W. Blakesley |author9=Patrick R. Murray |author10=Eric D. Green |author11=Maria L. Turner |author12=Julia A. Segre|title=Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome|journal=Science|date=29 May 2009|doi=10.1126/science.1171700|pmid=19478181|pmc=2805064|volume=324|issue=5931|pages=1190–2|bibcode=2009Sci...324.1190G}}</ref> and ''Staphylococcus''.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>
The Belly Button Biodiversity Project began at North Carolina State University in early 2011 with two initial groups of 35 and 25 volunteers.<ref name="Hulcr"/> Volunteers were given sterile cotton swabs and were asked to insert the cotton swabs into their navels, to turn the cotton swab around three times and then return the cotton swab to the researchers in a vial<ref name="Parker-Pope">{{cite web|last=Parker-Pope|first=Tara|title=What's in Your Belly Button|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/whats-in-your-belly-button/?_r=1|access-date=2013-09-29|date=2011-04-14}}</ref> that contained a 0.5'' ''ml 10% phosphate saline buffer.<ref name="Hulcr"/> Researchers at North Carolina State University, led by Jiri Hulcr,<ref name="Nierenberg">{{cite web|last=Nierenberg|first=Cari|title=New meaning to 'navel-gazing': Scientists study Belly Button Bacteria|website=[[NBC News]] |date=14 April 2011 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/new-meaning-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria-1C6437445?franchiseSlug=healthmain|access-date=2013-09-29}}</ref> then grew the samples in a culture until the bacterial colonies were large enough to be photographed and then these pictures were posted on the Belly Button Biodiversity Project's website (volunteers were given sample numbers so that they could view their own samples online).<ref name="Parker-Pope"/> These samples then were analyzed using 16S rDNA libraries so that strains that did not grow well in cultures could be identified.<ref name="Hulcr"/>
The researchers at North Carolina State University discovered that while it was difficult to predict every strain of bacteria in the microbiome of the navel that they could predict which strains would be prevalent and which strains of bacteria would be quite rare in the microbiome.<ref name="Hulcr"/> It was found that the navel microbiomes only contained a few prevalent types of bacteria (''Staphylococcus'', ''Corynebacterium'', Actinobacteria, Clostridiales, and Bacilli) and many different types of rare bacteria.<ref name="Hulcr"/> Other types of rare organisms were discovered inside the navels of the volunteers including three types of Archaea, two of which were found in one volunteer who claimed not to have bathed or showered for many years.<ref name="Hulcr"/>
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An important use of [[hand washing]] is to prevent the [[Nosocomial infection#Transmission|transmission]] of [[antibiotic resistant]] skin flora that cause [[hospital-acquired infection]]s such as [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]. While such flora have become antibiotic resistant due to antibiotics there is no evidence that recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms when used in hand washing.<ref name="Weber">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weber DJ, Rutala WA |title=Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance? |journal=Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1107–19 |year=2006 |pmid=17006819 |doi=10.1086/507964|s2cid=20734025 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7931c1bc1331fdd3f3cc8048719e2472f8ed5e8d }}</ref> However, many strains of organisms are resistant to some of the substances used in antibacterial soaps such as [[triclosan]].<ref name="Weber"/>
One survey of [[soap|bar soaps]] in dentist clinics found they all had their own flora and on average from two to five different genera of microorganisms with those used most more likely to have more species varieties.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hegde PP, Andrade AT, Bhat K | year = 2006 | title = Microbial contamination of "in use" bar soap in dental clinics | journal = Indian J Dent Res | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 70–3 | pmid = 17051871 | doi=10.4103/0970-9290.29888 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Another survey of bar soaps in public toilets found even more flora.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kabara JJ, Brady MB | year = 1984 | title = Contamination of bar soaps under "in-use" conditions | journal = J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol | volume = 5 | issue = 4–5| pages = 1–14 | pmid = 6394740 }}</ref> Another study found that very dry soaps are not infected while all are that rest in pools of water.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Afolabi BA, Oduyebo OO, Ogunsola FT | year = 2007 | title = Bacterial flora of commonly used soaps in three hospitals in Nigeria | journal = East Afr Med J | volume = 84 | issue = 10| pages = 489–95 | pmid = 18232270 | doi=10.4314/eamj.v84i10.9567| doi-access = free }}</ref> However, research upon soap that was specially infected found that soap flora do not transmit to the hands.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinze JE, Yackovich F | year = 1988 | title = Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria | journal = Epidemiol Infect | volume = 101 | issue = 1| pages = 135–42 | pmid = 3402545 | pmc=2249330 | doi=10.1017/s0950268800029290}}</ref>
===Damaged skin===
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